Brain-Computer Interfaces: An Evolution in Neurotechnology

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are a rapidly developing technology that facilitates direct interaction between the human brain and outside systems. In this paper, there is a comprehensive review of BCI types, methods of signal acquisition such as EEG and ECoG, and the basic signal processing stages such as preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. Medical, communication, entertainment, and cognitive applications are discussed with a focus on how BCIs can bring about revolutionary changes. Key challenges touched upon include noise, user heterogeneity, and ethics. The article concludes with a look back at upcoming imminent trends, such as AI merging and wearables BCIs, that will drive the future of neurotechnology.