Sociodemographic Factors Affecting Non-Communicable Diseases in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Objectives: Non-communicable diseases which include hypertension along with diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia represent major and expanding health problems across Saudi Arabia. These healthcare conditions generate extensive mortality and morbidity together with high healthcare expenditure in the nation. Knowledge about age group distribution together with gender identity and nationality background helps develop purposive evidence-based treatment approaches and healthcare initiatives. Methods: 5,000 adult participants underwent a cross-sectional secondary data analysis based on National Health Research and Studies Portal (NHRSP) data gathered throughout an 11-month time period. Self-reported information about chronic disease diagnoses together with related risk factors appeared in the available dataset. A demographic breakdown together with the prevalence numbers of each NCD were presented through descriptive statistics. The connection between demographic factors and disease occurrences was evaluated through Chi-square methods but multivariate logistic models determined key NCD prediction variables. Different tests were used throughout this study at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: Statistics showed that hypertension affected 16.3% of male participants while 15.2% of female participants faced the same condition (p = 0.021). Results showed diabetes prevalence rates at 14.6% for males and 13.2% for females but this difference proved not statistically significant (p = 0.169). The occurrence of high cholesterol varied between 17.0% in males and 16.3% in females yet these numbers had equal statistical significance (p = 0.569). All groups demonstrated a significant increase in measured conditions at each age stage according to statistical analysis (p<0.001). The smoking prevalence rate showed highly significant differences between male (26.9%) and female patients (4.8%) (p<0.001). Hypertension prevalence rates among Saudi nationals exceeded non-Saudi residents by 5.6 percent points (17.8 percent and 12.2 percent respectively) and diabetes prevalence by 6.9 percentage points (16.5 percent and 9.6 percent) along with high cholesterol risk (19.0 percent and 12.5 percent) (p<0.001 for all conditions). Logistic regression statistics showed age, gender and nationality served as important predictors to define NCD risk throughout the population. Conclusion: Research findings demonstrate significant differences in NCD distribution that exist across sociodemographic groups of Saudi Arabian citizens. The disease burden involving hypertension and diabetes is greatest among elderly adults and high cholesterol rates are predominant in both genders but smoking occurs mainly among males. All studied Non-Communicable Diseases show higher risks among Saudi nationals when compared to the non-Saudi population. Public health initiatives need to become target-oriented through age-specific screening tools and gender-related smoking cessation programs and culturally appropriate health education approaches for Saudi nationals. The primary healthcare system should receive additional support because this enhanced approach will decrease the national NCD burden while improving long-term health results.