Hybrid Multi-Layer Composites for Enhanced Dynamic-Static Force Sensing

This study presents the piezoelectric and piezoresistive properties of a multilayer composite system consisting of PDMS-CNT and PDMS-BTO layers designed for dynamic and static sensing applications. The carbon nanotube (CNT) piezoresistive layer enhances the electrical conductivity and mechanical response of the composite, while the barium titanate (BTO) piezoelectric layer provides high dielectric performance and efficient voltage generation. This unique combination exploits the complementary properties of each layer to achieve a synergistic effect that surpasses traditional single-material systems. The 15% BTO-0.3% CNT configuration demonstrated optimal performance, delivering a voltage output of 2.1 V, a power density of 1.41 µW/m<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup>, and a noticeable change in impedance under mechanical stress. The results highlight the dual sensing capabilities of the composite, its mechanical robustness and its potential for energy harvesting, pressure sensing and structural health monitoring. This work highlights the potential of CNT-BTO composites as a platform for advancing next-generation sensing and energy systems, balancing innovation with practicality in multifunctional material design.