The Potential of Cannabidiol in the Management of Oral Infections

Oral infections, caused by bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens, are a significant source of dental morbidity and can lead to systemic complications, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Complex microbial interactions and host immune responses drive common conditions such as dental caries, periodontal disease, oral candidiasis, and herpetic lesions. Conventional antimicrobial therapies face limitations due to resistance and adverse effects, prompting interest in alternative treatments. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound derived from Cannabis sativa, has emerged as a promising candidate due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. CBD targets various molecular pathways, including cannabinoid receptors, TRP channels, adenosine receptors, and PPARs, contributing to its multifaceted therapeutic effects. It has demonstrated efficacy against oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans, disrupting biofilms and bacterial membranes. Additionally, CBD modulates inflammatory responses by reducing cytokine production and oxidative stress, particularly relevant in chronic conditions like periodontal disease. Emerging evidence also suggests synergistic effects with conventional antimicrobials and benefits in tissue regeneration. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of CBD in managing oral infections, offering a novel approach to overcoming current treatment limitations and guiding future research into safer and more effective oral health interventions.