International Experience in Establishing National Innovation Systems: Experience for Kazakhstan

The purpose of this research is to analyze international approaches to the development of national innovation systems (NIS), with a particular focus on countries in Western Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, and the United States. The study aims to identify the most effective models and assess their applicability to Kazakhstan's national context. The methodology of the research is based on comparative analysis, allowing for a detailed examination of various NIS models and the conditions under which they have been successfully implemented. Particular attention is given to the institutional roles of government, scientific and industrial infrastructure, and human capital in driving innovation. The scientific novelty (originality / value) of the work lies in its comprehensive evaluation of global innovation policy frameworks and their potential adaptation to Kazakhstan’s national context. The research provides valuable insights for policymakers by bridging international experience with local development needs. The research findings reveal that successful innovation systems rely on strong collaboration between key stakeholders—government, business, academia, and civil society. In Kazakhstan, the current low level of innovation activity and weak performance in global innovation rankings underscore the urgency of reform. The study identifies tailored strategies to foster a more effective and context-sensitive national innovation system capable of supporting long-term, sustainable economic growth.