Low-Carbon Dispatch of Integrated Energy Systems Considering Charging/Discharging Flexibility of Electric Vehicles

Constructing low-carbon power systems generally requires high penetrations of renewable energy sources (RESs). This results in increasing demands for operating flexibility to accommodate RES uncertainty. Therefore, the present work exploits the flexibility of multi-energy coordination and electric vehicles (EVs). First, we construct network models for an integrated electricity-heat-gas system considering heterogeneous energy resources, energy generation & heat conversion devices, and EVs. We also categorize EV charging modes according to the uncertainties in user charging behaviors. In addition, the Minkowski method is employed to develop a load-storage dispatchability model for EV clusters. Second, we present a two-stage market framework that integrates carbon emissions trading and tradable green certificates to mitigate the carbon emissions of integrated energy systems and accelerate the adoption of RES. Furthermore, we present a fuzzy chance-constrained optimization model that incorporates uncertainties in RES and load through fuzzy parameters to assess their influence on operating costs, as well as EV charging and discharging behaviors. The results show that the proposed method effectively balances the economic, environmental, and stability considerations while enhancing robustness against uncertainty.