Opioid Receptors Modulate Inhibition within the Prefrontal Cortex through Dissociable Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

Aberrant signaling within cortical inhibitory microcircuits has been identified as a common signature of neuropsychiatric disorders. Interneuron (IN) activity is precisely regulated by neuromodulatory systems that evoke widespread changes in synaptic transmission and principal cell output. Cortical interneurons express high levels of opioid receptors, positioning opioid signaling as a critical regulator of inhibitory transmission; however, we lack a complete understanding of how classical opioid receptor systems regulate prefrontal cortex (PFC) microcircuitry. Here, we combine whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, optogenetics, and viral tools to provide an extensive characterization of how the Mu opioid receptor (MOR), Delta opioid receptor (DOR), and Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) regulate inhibitory transmission in male and female mice. We show that across these receptor systems, DOR activation is more effective at suppressing spontaneous inhibitory transmission in layer 2/3 of the prelimbic PFC, while MOR causes a greater acute suppression of electrically evoked GABA release, and KOR plays a minor role in inhibitory transmission. Cell type-specific optogenetics revealed that MOR and DOR differentially regulate inhibitory transmission from parvalbumin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing INs. Finally, we demonstrate that DOR regulates inhibitory transmission through simultaneous pre- and postsynaptic modifications to IN physiology, whereas MOR function varies between somato-dendritic or presynaptic signaling depending on cell type.