The renal-brain axis and neuropsychological disorders: an analysis of the relationship

Impaired cognitive function is known to be one of the leading causes of disability among the population, and the number of patients in need of long-term rehabilitation aimed at restoring mental health is increasing. Recently, there has been a marked increase in the interest of doctors of various specialties in studying the relationship between the somatic and nervous systems of the body and the clinical features of nervous system damage in visceral diseases. In particular, the study of nephrogenic nervous system lesions, which lead to a decrease in the quality of life of patients and significant financial costs, remains relevant and determines the importance of this medical and social problem. Cognitive impairment is diagnosed in the early stages of the disease and progresses in parallel with the decline in renal function. Oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, accelerated arteriosclerosis and uremic inflammatory environment affect both the central and peripheral nervous system. Understanding the interaction between the kidneys and the brain is an interdisciplinary problem in the scientific field. This paper analyses the current literature sources from the Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, PubMed, NCBI databases on neuropsychological disorders in patients with kidney disease, presents the most well-known renogenic neuropsychological disorders, their pathogenesis and clinical characteristics. The bibliographic, analytical research methods and the methodology of the systematic approach were used in the study. Patients at all stages of chronic kidney disease are at higher risk of developing dementia and cognitive impairment, and recent epidemiological studies have shown that acute kidney injury is associated with the risk of subsequent stroke and dementia. The publication aims to summarize the existing scientific data on renogenic neuropsychological disorders, demonstrate the importance of evaluating diagnostic criteria and clinical features, and draw the attention of physicians to timely diagnosis, etiopathogenetic treatment and prevention of this pathology based on the study of modern literature. Given the latter, it was found that dysregulation of the renal-brain axis is the cause of neuropsychological disorders, and the poorly studied complex pathogenetic relationship and the exact mechanism of modulation between renal and cognitive disorders requires further analysis, as growth of neuropsychological disorders in the population should be expected.