Laser-assisted fabrication of new ultrasensitive sensors based on Pd/Graphene/Copper heterogeneous layers for glucose detection

• Production of Pd nanoparticles by pulsed laser ablation in water. • Fabrication of Pd nanoparticles/Graphene/Copper composite electrode. • Exploitation of the Pd nanoparticles/Graphene/Copper electrode for electrochemical sensing of glucose. • Reached detection limit of 0.5 mM and range of concentration from 0.5 to 13.0 mM. • Reached sensitivity of 0.245 mA.mM −1 .cm −2 by CV and 81.3 O.mM −1 .cm −2 by EIS. In this work, we report for the first time a new Palladium (Pd)/Graphene (GR)/Copper (Cu) electrode fabricated with a new way that consists of pulsed liquid laser ablation (PLAL) and drop casting. Pd nanoparticles fabricated by PLAL were dropped into a single layer of graphene and dried at 80 °C. Pd/GR/Cu electrodes were tested towards the detection of glucose using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). With both techniques the detection limit was 0.5 mM and the quantification range was between 0.5 mM to 13.0 mM. The sensitivity values were high, 0.245 mA.mM −1 .cm −2 by CV and 81.3 O .mM −1 .cm −2 by EIS. The findings underscore the potential of this novel Pd/GR/Cu electrode as a highly sensitive and stable non-enzymatic sensor for glucose detection, offering significant advancements in biosensing technology