The Judicial Determination Dilemma and Institutional Reconstruction of Platform Labor Relations in the Digital Age

数字技术的革新催生了以算法管理与灵活用工为特征的新型劳动形态，传统的劳动关系认定标准在司法实践中面临系统性失效。本文从劳动形态异化与司法标准滞后性出发，提出以“实质从属性”为核心的制度重构方案。通过分析算法权力对劳动过程的隐蔽控制、格式化协议对风险转嫁的制度化，以及数据要素对劳资关系的重塑影响，揭示司法认定困境的深层逻辑。最终提出判定标准动态化、举证责任倒置与权利保障分级的改革路径，旨在实现资本效率与劳动者权益的再平衡。The revolution in digital technology has given rise to a new labor paradigm characterized by algorithmic management and flexible employment, leading to the systemic failure of traditional labor relationship recognition standards in judicial practice. This paper, based on the alienation of labor forms and the lagging nature of judicial standards, proposes an institutional reconstruction plan centered on the concept of “substantive subordination”. By analyzing the concealed control of labor processes through algorithmic power, the institutionalization of risk transfer via standardized agreements, and the transformative impact of data factors on labor relations, this study reveals the deep-seated logic behind judicial recognition challenges. Ultimately, it proposes a reform path involving the dynamic adaptation of recognition standards, the reversal of the burden of proof, and a tiered rights protection framework, aiming to rebalance capital efficiency and labor rights.