Re`assessing ICT Adoption Among Malaysian SMEs: A Post-COVID-19 Thematic Literature Review Using TOE Framework

This study presents a thematic literature review examining Information and Communication Technology (ICT) adoption among Malaysian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) using the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework. It synthesizes findings from recent empirical studies (2016–2024) and evaluates how technological, organizational, and environmental factors influence ICT adoption and SME performance, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key insights highlight that perceived relative advantage, top management support, and competitive pressure are consistent enablers, while factors such as complexity and regulatory support yield mixed results depending on context. The pandemic accelerated digital transformation, reshaping organizational behavior and external environments. This review argues that although the TOE framework remains relevant, it must be adapted to account for temporal shifts and crisis responsiveness. The findings offer practical guidance for SME leaders and policymakers and call for structural support to promote long-term digital resilience. Limitations include reliance on existing studies and lack of longitudinal data. Future research should empirically validate extended TOE models and explore sector-specific and cross-regional adoption patterns.