Hallmarks of Neuroblastoma—Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Interventions

ABSTRACT Neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood, continues to challenge clinicians and researchers because of its heterogeneous nature and complex pathophysiology. Recent breakthroughs in molecular profiling revealed intricate genetic alterations driving tumor progression, necessitating an updated perspective on the disease’s pathophysiology. Rapid advancements in diagnostic techniques, including novel imaging modalities and molecular assays, warrant a thorough examination to guide clinical decision‐making. Furthermore, the emergence of targeted therapies and immunotherapeutic approaches dramatically shifted the treatment landscape, creating an urgent need for a critical evaluation of their efficacy and integration into existing protocols. This comprehensive review is critically needed to synthesize the latest advancements in understanding the hallmarks of neuroblastoma, evolving diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. By consolidating current knowledge and identifying knowledge gaps, this review aims to provide a valuable resource for clinicians and researchers, potentially catalyzing new research directions and improving patient outcomes.