Partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer: a promising circular economy approach for improvement soil physical and chemical properties and sustainable crop yields

In summary, 12.5% OF and 37.5% OF can increased MBC, HOC, and DOC content by increasing soil porosity, TP and AP content and decreasing soil water depletion, thereby increasing crop yield. Compared to 37.5% OF, 12.5% OF was more environmentally sustainable, increased crop yields, and increase economic benefits. This provided a theoretical basis for partial substitution of CF with organic fertilizer to improve soil health and crop yield. The present study showed that 12.5% OF (200 kg hm^-2 of N) was a suitable cropping pattern in the region and was recommended for wider use in the region.