How cost savings and other factors shape public transport choices in Hanoi: A circular economy perspective

Public transport is essential for urban mobility, yet differences in cost efficiency and service accessibility create challenges across city zones. This study examines how these factors influence public transport choices in Hanoi, considering variations across different urban areas. The analysis is based on seven key criteria: cost savings, time efficiency, convenience, safety, accessibility, reliability, and environmental awareness, providing a comprehensive understanding of regional transport preferences and economic implications. Findings indicate significant regional variations in cost savings. In urban cores, savings are limited (0%–50%) due to short travel distances and private vehicle convenience. In expanding areas, savings rise (25%–75%) as public transport becomes a cost-effective alternative for longer commutes. In peripheral and rural areas, over 50% of residents benefit from high savings, given their reliance on long-distance buses. AHP results highlight distinct priorities. Cost is the primary factor in rural areas, while accessibility drives urban core decisions due to dense transport networks. In expanding zones, time efficiency is the top concern, making metro systems the preferred choice. Notably, environmental awareness ranks lowest across all regions. The study recommends strategies aligned with circular economy principles, focusing on system optimization rather than infrastructure expansion. Solutions include smart traffic management, multimodal integration, and sustainable maintenance, offering actionable insights for Hanoi’s public transport development