Repainting the old fence: connecting curiosity and conception on semen retention, ejaculatory abstinence, and sperm metabolism

Abstract Background Understanding the impact of ejaculatory abstinence on semen quality is critical for optimizing male fertility and addressing infertility. Additionally, the energy metabolism of sperm plays a crucial role in their motility and fertilizing potential. Main body Research indicates that short-term abstinence is associated with higher sperm motility but lower sperm counts, while long-term abstinence increases sperm count but may lead to aged and morphologically abnormal sperm. Prolonged abstinence can alter the balance between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, affecting ATP production and increasing oxidative stress, which compromises sperm integrity and functionality. Sperm absorption mechanisms during prolonged abstinence, including phagocytosis by epididymal epithelial cells and macrophages, ensure the recycling of older, less viable sperm. Understanding these dynamics is essential for optimizing assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Conclusion The interplay between abstinence duration, sperm fate, and sperm energy metabolism has significant implications for clinical practices in fertility treatments and sperm storage. Personalized approaches to abstinence duration can optimize sperm quality, enhancing the success rates of ART. Further research is needed to bridge existing knowledge gaps and develop improved guidelines for fertility treatments, ensuring better reproductive outcomes.