A Study on the Spatiotemporal Coupling Characteristics and Driving Factors of China’s Green Finance and Energy Efficiency

In the context of global efforts to address climate change and pursue sustainable development, green finance (GF) and energy efficiency (EE) have become key issues of focus for academics and policymakers. This study explores the spatiotemporal coupling characteristics and driving factors of China’s green finance and energy efficiency from 2011 to 2022, aiming to help China achieve its dual carbon goals. This study used a three-dimensional framework to assess 30 provinces, considering factor inputs, expected outputs, and undesirable outputs. The study employed the global benchmark super-efficiency EBM model, entropy method, coupling coordination model (CCD), Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition, and spatiotemporal geographic weighted regression model (GTWR). Key findings include a “high in the east, low in the west” gradient distribution of both green finance and energy efficiency, expanding regional disparities, and a strong synergistic effect between technological innovation and energy regulation. Based on the findings, this paper proposes a three-tier governance framework: regional adaptation, digital integration, and institutional compensation. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the coupling theory of environmental financial systems and provides empirical support for optimizing global carbon neutrality pathways.