Paradigm shift in reliability estimates: Application of analysis of variance repeated measures (ANOVAM) in validation studies

This study employed repeated measures ANOVA to assess the reliability of an instrument designed to measure utilization, awareness, and perception of AI in research among 150 undergraduate students. Validated instruments with  robust psychometric properties were used for the study. Data collection occurred in three phases spaced two weeks apart, following experts recommendations for longitudinal research. Initial findings using Cronbach’s alpha indicated high reliability in the first phase. However, subsequent test-retest analyses revealed decreasing reliability coefficients below acceptable thresholds for utilization, awareness, and perception constructs. Further analysis using repeated measures ANOVA showed significant differences in mean scores across the three phases, suggesting inconsistency in respondents’ perceptions over time. The study underscores the dynamic nature of attitudes towards AI, necessitating careful consideration in longitudinal research designs. Methodologically, it highlights the limitations of relying solely on static reliability estimates such as Cronbach’s alpha. Practically, the findings suggest the need for continuous refinement of measurement instruments to capture evolving attitudes accurately. Theoretical contributions include advancing understanding of reliability in dynamic contexts, prompting future research to explore more robust statistical methods and measurement approaches in studying attitudes towards emerging technologies.