Exploring the Combined Effects of Vitamin D and Pioglitazone on Lipid Dysregulation, Hepatic Function, and Adipocytokine Alterations in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Background This study assessed the effects of Vitamin D (Vit D) and Pioglitazone (PIO) on metabolic and histopathological parameters in STZ-NA-induced diabetic rats, focusing on lipid metabolism, liver enzymes, adipocytokines, and liver tissue structure. Materials and Methods Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin and nicotinamide, and rats were separated into five groups: normal control, diabetic control, and three treatment groups receiving Vit D, PIO, or a combination. Treatments were administered daily for eight weeks, and biochemical analyses included glucose, lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and adipocytokines (adiponectin and resistin). Liver tissue was examined histologically. Results Diabetic rats showed dyslipidaemia with elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, and decreased HDL. Vit D, PIO, or their combination treated rats reduced cholesterol and LDL, with the combination also increasing HDL, suggesting a synergistic effect. Both Vit D and PIO treatments lowered liver enzymes, with combination therapy providing the greatest improvement. Adipocytokine analysis revealed a reduction in resistin levels, particularly with the combination therapy, while adiponectin levels remained unchanged. Histopathological analysis showed liver damage in diabetic rats, but the combination therapy preserved liver architecture with minimal degenerative changes. Conclusion The combination of Vit D and PIO shows promising potential for improving lipid metabolism, liver function, and adipocytokine regulation in diabetes, offering a therapeutic strategy for handling metabolic complications. More study is required to explore the essential mechanisms and optimize treatment protocols.