A comprehensive review-current development in spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques for natural product analysis

Current research on plant secondary metabolites is limited by low detection sensitivity, incomplete spectral databases, and challenges in separating complex mixtures. Structural elucidation remains labor-intensive, and spatial or temporal analysis tools lack resolution. Poor standardization and limited integration with functional assays further hinder the identification and application of these bioactive compounds. The inherent chemical complexity of natural products has driven significant progress in analytical technologies over the years. This review explores the latest advancements in spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques for the analysis of natural products. Combining chromatography with spectroscopy is emphasized as an effective approach for the extraction, characterization, and quantification of phytochemicals. The review underscores the importance of method development and validation, particularly for the accurate quantification of biomarker compounds. Hyphenated analytical platforms are highlighted as valuable tools for the de novo identification, distribution, quantification, and authentication of constituents found in biogenic raw materials, natural medicines, and biological materials from plants, animals, humans, and model organisms. These methods also address pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic challenges, along with applications in metabolic fingerprinting and profiling. This review is guided by key questions central to the advancement of natural product analysis: What progress has been made in spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques over the past decade? How have modern hyphenated methods enhanced analytical sensitivity, resolution, and efficiency? What are the comparative advantages and limitations of these techniques across different application contexts? It also identifies remaining methodological gaps and proposes directions for future research to overcome current limitations in the field. Additionally, it sheds light on emerging spectrometric methods and tools in the natural product field, offering a forward-looking perspective on future research directions.