Adaptive SOM-GA Hybrid Algorithm for Grasping Sequence Optimization in Apple Harvesting Robots: Enhancing Efficiency in Open-Field Orchards

To address the challenge of low operational efficiency in apple harvesting robots, this study proposes an adaptive grasping sequence planning methodology that combines Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) and genetic algorithms (GAs). The proposed adaptive SOM—GA hybrid algorithm aims to minimize cycle time by optimizing the path planning between the fruit detection and grasping phases. First of all, we propose a density-aware adaptive mechanism that dynamically adjusts planning strategies based on fruit count thresholds. In addition, the proposed grasping sequence planning framework for high-density dwarf cultivation (HDDC) orchards is validated through threshold sensitivity analysis and empirical analysis of over 500 real-world fruit distribution samples. Finally, comparative experiments demonstrate that our proposed method reduces path length in high-density scenarios. Statistical analysis reveals a bimodal fruit distribution, which aligns the algorithm’s adaptive thresholds with real-world operational demands. These advancements improve theoretical research and enhance the commercial viability in agricultural robotics.