Intersectionality in International Religious Freedom Policies

Abstract This research note argues that the implementation of international Freedom of Religion or Belief (FoRB) policies often lacks an intersectional perspective, which is problematic given that in local struggles religion often intersects with other categories of difference, such as class and gender. Using the case of Asia Bibi, a poor Christian woman in Pakistan sentenced to death for blasphemy, as a case study, the analysis illustrates the one-dimensional focus on FoRB and discusses some of its causes and consequences. It argues that overlooking class and gender dimensions of the case was a missed opportunity to explore more inclusive strategies. The main objectives of this research note are to harness the concept of intersectionality for future research on the international promotion of FoRB and urge foreign policy authorities to give greater attention to the diverse lived experiences of religious minorities when advocating on their behalf.