Experimental investigation on preparation, characterization and stability of <scp>Al₂O₃</scp> nanofluid in application of <scp>PV</scp> thermal management

Abstract This study investigates the preparation, characterization, and stability mechanisms of Al 2 O 3 nanofluid for photovoltaic thermal management applications. The experimental preparation of Al 2 O 3 nanofluids is described using two‐step methods, as well as the influence of parameters such as particle size, concentration, and base fluid selection. Thermal conductivity, specific heat, viscosity, and stability tests were conducted to evaluate its suitability for PV cooling for sustainable development. Further, Al 2 O 3 nanofluid was experimentally investigated for PV cooling using 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% volume fractions. From the results, it was observed that the PV panel temperature varies from 19.35 to 87.95°C for the time duration of 0 to 60 min in the case of without cooling. On the other hand, the PV panel temperature ranged from 10.9 to 60.85°C with the nanofluid cooling for a volume fraction of 2.5% at a mass flow rate of 0.010 kg/s. The maximum electrical efficiency was achieved as 4.39% with a nanoparticle volume fraction of 2.5% at a flow rate of 0.010 kg/s. The use of nanofluid cooling resulted in an approximate 1% increase in electrical efficiency. Experimental results indicate that Al 2 O 3 nanofluid significantly enhances heat dissipation in PV systems, reducing its temperature and increasing electrical efficiency.