The Impact of Comorbidities and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Admissions on Survival in Kyphoscoliosis-Related Respiratory Failure: A Retrospective Cohort Study

<b>Background</b>: Kyphoscoliosis is a restrictive thoracic disorder frequently associated with chronic respiratory failure. While home non-invasive ventilation (NIV) improves short-term outcomes, long-term mortality predictors remain underexplored in this context. <b>Methods</b>: This retrospective cohort study evaluated 88 kyphoscoliosis patients with chronic respiratory failure who were initiated on home-based NIV between 2008 and 2018 at a tertiary ICU outpatient clinic. The demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were analyzed. Survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and independent predictors of mortality were identified via Cox regression. <b>Results</b>: Among the 88 patients (52% male), 28 (32%) died during long-term follow-up. Age, BMI, pulmonary function, and arterial blood gas values were similar between survivors and non-survivors. Non-survivors had significantly higher mMRC dyspnea scores, were more likely to be active smokers, and had a higher prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) (<i>p</i> = 0.015). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed significantly lower survival in patients with CAD (<i>p</i> = 0.021) and active smokers (<i>p</i> = 0.034). Cox regression analysis indicated that the presence of CAD (HR: 5.69, 95% CI: 1.34-24.08, <i>p</i> = 0.018) and hospital admission after the initiation of home-based NIV therapy (HR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.01-3.85, <i>p</i> = 0.040) increased the risk of mortality. Conversely, a higher pH at the last outpatient visit was associated with improved survival (HR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.00-0.692, <i>p</i> = 0.003). <b>Conclusions</b>: CAD, pH value, and increased ICU admissions after the initiation of home-based NIV are predictors of mortality in kyphoscoliosis patients. The study results highlight reduced survival associated with the presence of coronary artery disease and smoking, emphasizing the importance of routine cardiovascular assessment and close clinical follow-up in this high-risk population.