Nutraceuticals in Refractive Disorders of the Eye: An Emerging Frontier in Vision Care

Refractive errors—such as myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia—are among the most prevalent causes of vision impairment worldwide. Although corrective methods like spectacles, contact lenses, and laser surgeries are widely used, they don't address the underlying biological processes, particularly in progressive conditions like myopia. In recent years, attention has turned to nutritional approaches that may offer supportive or preventive benefits for ocular health. Research suggests that oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and disruptions in retinal signaling may contribute to the development and progression of these disorders. Nutraceuticals—bioactive compounds found in food and supplements—have shown potential in targeting these mechanisms. Carotenoids like zeaxanthin and lutein support macular integrity; astaxanthin has been associated with improved accommodative function and reduced visual fatigue; omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) support retinal structure and function; and anthocyanins may enhance ocular blood flow and antioxidant defense. Preclinical and early clinical studies suggest these compounds can improve visual performance and may slow aspects of refractive error progression. However, much of the current evidence remains preliminary. There is a clear need for larger, long-term clinical trials to determine their efficacy, ideal dosages, and safety profiles. This review explores the biological rationale and available evidence for using nutraceuticals in refractive disorder management, and considers their potential role as part of a broader, integrative approach to vision care.