Experimental demonstrations of Josephson threshold detectors for broadband microwave photons detection

In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrated that Josephson threshold detectors (JTDs) could be developed to implement the sensitive detection of broadband microwave photons. Beginning with the numerical simulations of the damped dynamics for the macroscopic phase particle generated by a Josephson junction (JJ), we showed that the time-domain threshold voltage state switched measurements of the JJ driven by a low-frequency triangular wave current, which could be utilized to implement the sensitive microwave photons detection. The detectable signal power can be determined by using the Kumar–Caroll index to quantify the distinguishability between two statistical distributions on the measured threshold switched durations of the JJ with and without the signal input. Experimentally, we fabricated the Al/AlOx/Al JJ and measured its threshold responses, at 50 mK temperature, to the input microwave photons at the frequency of ∼5 GHz. The experimental results indicated that the weak microwave signals, which are phenomenologically threatened by the additional thermal noise that modifies the damped phase dynamics of the JJ, can be detected by the fabricated JTD. The detectable power of the microwave signals demonstrated here was calibrated as about −92 dBm (corresponding to the photons rate of ∼2×108 photons/ms). Based on the numerical simulations for optimizing the relevant performance indicators of the detectors, we further argue that the JTDs could be utilized to achieve the sensitive detection of broadband microwave photons at the single-photon level.