Neutrino masses and mixing: Entering the era of subpercent precision
We perform an updated global analysis of the known and unknown parameters of the standard three-neutrino (<a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><a:mn>3</a:mn><a:mi>ν</a:mi></a:math>) framework, using data available at the beginning of 2025. The known oscillation parameters include three mixing angles <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><c:mo stretchy="false">(</c:mo><c:msub><c:mi>θ</c:mi><c:mn>12</c:mn></c:msub><c:mo>,</c:mo><c:msub><c:mi>θ</c:mi><c:mn>23</c:mn></c:msub><c:mo>,</c:mo><c:msub><c:mi>θ</c:mi><c:mn>13</c:mn></c:msub><c:mo stretchy="false">)</c:mo></c:math> and two squared mass gaps, chosen as <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><g:mrow><g:mi>δ</g:mi><g:msup><g:mrow><g:mi>m</g:mi></g:mrow><g:mrow><g:mn>2</g:mn></g:mrow></g:msup><g:mo>=</g:mo><g:msubsup><g:mrow><g:mi>m</g:mi></g:mrow><g:mrow><g:mn>2</g:mn></g:mrow><g:mrow><g:mn>2</g:mn></g:mrow></g:msubsup><g:mo>−</g:mo><g:msubsup><g:mrow><g:mi>m</g:mi></g:mrow><g:mrow><g:mn>1</g:mn></g:mrow><g:mrow><g:mn>2</g:mn></g:mrow></g:msubsup><g:mo>></g:mo><g:mn>0</g:mn></g:mrow></g:math> and <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><i:mrow><i:mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</i:mi><i:msup><i:mrow><i:mi>m</i:mi></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mn>2</i:mn></i:mrow></i:msup><i:mo>=</i:mo><i:msubsup><i:mrow><i:mi>m</i:mi></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mn>3</i:mn></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mn>2</i:mn></i:mrow></i:msubsup><i:mo>−</i:mo><i:mfrac><i:mrow><i:mn>1</i:mn></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mn>2</i:mn></i:mrow></i:mfrac><i:mo stretchy="false">(</i:mo><i:msubsup><i:mrow><i:mi>m</i:mi></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mn>1</i:mn></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mn>2</i:mn></i:mrow></i:msubsup><i:mo>+</i:mo><i:msubsup><i:mrow><i:mi>m</i:mi></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mn>2</i:mn></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mn>2</i:mn></i:mrow></i:msubsup><i:mo stretchy="false">)</i:mo></i:mrow></i:math>, where the discrete parameter <n:math xmlns:n="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><n:mrow><n:mi>α</n:mi><n:mo>=</n:mo><n:mrow><n:mi>sign</n:mi></n:mrow><n:mo stretchy="false">(</n:mo><n:mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</n:mi><n:msup><n:mrow><n:mi>m</n:mi></n:mrow><n:mrow><n:mn>2</n:mn></n:mrow></n:msup><n:mo stretchy="false">)</n:mo></n:mrow></n:math> distinguishes normal ordering (NO, <s:math xmlns:s="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><s:mi>α</s:mi><s:mo>=</s:mo><s:mo>+</s:mo><s:mn>1</s:mn></s:math>) from inverted ordering (IO, <u:math xmlns:u="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><u:mi>α</u:mi><u:mo>=</u:mo><u:mo>−</u:mo><u:mn>1</u:mn></u:math>). With respect to our previous 2021 update, the combination of accelerator, reactor, and atmospheric neutrino data leads to appreciably reduced uncertainties for <w:math xmlns:w="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><w:msub><w:mi>θ</w:mi><w:mn>23</w:mn></w:msub></w:math>, <y:math xmlns:y="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><y:msub><y:mi>θ</y:mi><y:mn>13</y:mn></y:msub></y:math>, and <ab:math xmlns:ab="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><ab:mo stretchy="false">|</ab:mo><ab:mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</ab:mi><ab:msup><ab:mi>m</ab:mi><ab:mn>2</ab:mn></ab:msup><ab:mo stretchy="false">|</ab:mo></ab:math>. In particular, <fb:math xmlns:fb="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><fb:mo stretchy="false">|</fb:mo><fb:mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</fb:mi><fb:msup><fb:mi>m</fb:mi><fb:mn>2</fb:mn></fb:msup><fb:mo stretchy="false">|</fb:mo></fb:math> is the first <kb:math xmlns:kb="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><kb:mn>3</kb:mn><kb:mi>ν</kb:mi></kb:math> parameter to enter the domain of subpercent precision (0.8% at <mb:math xmlns:mb="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mb:mn>1</mb:mn><mb:mi>σ</mb:mi></mb:math>). We underline some issues about common systematics in combined fits that might affect (and possibly weaken) this error estimate. Concerning oscillation unknowns, we find a relatively weak preference for NO versus IO (at <ob:math xmlns:ob="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><ob:mn>2.2</ob:mn><ob:mi>σ</ob:mi></ob:math>), for <qb:math xmlns:qb="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><qb:mi>C</qb:mi><qb:mi>P</qb:mi></qb:math> violation versus conservation in NO (<sb:math xmlns:sb="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><sb:mrow><sb:mn>1.3</sb:mn><sb:mi>σ</sb:mi></sb:mrow></sb:math>), and for the first <ub:math xmlns:ub="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><ub:msub><ub:mi>θ</ub:mi><ub:mn>23</ub:mn></ub:msub></ub:math> octant versus the second in NO (<wb:math xmlns:wb="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><wb:mn>1.1</wb:mn><wb:mi>σ</wb:mi></wb:math>). We discuss the current status and qualitative prospects of the mass ordering hint in the plane charted by the mass parameters <yb:math xmlns:yb="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><yb:mrow><yb:mo stretchy="false">(</yb:mo><yb:mi>δ</yb:mi><yb:msup><yb:mrow><yb:mi>m</yb:mi></yb:mrow><yb:mrow><yb:mn>2</yb:mn></yb:mrow></yb:msup><yb:mo>,</yb:mo><yb:mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</yb:mi><yb:msubsup><yb:mrow><yb:mi>m</yb:mi></yb:mrow><yb:mrow><yb:mi>e</yb:mi><yb:mi>e</yb:mi></yb:mrow><yb:mrow><yb:mn>2</yb:mn></yb:mrow></yb:msubsup><yb:mo stretchy="false">)</yb:mo></yb:mrow></yb:math>, where <dc:math xmlns:dc="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><dc:mrow><dc:mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</dc:mi><dc:msubsup><dc:mrow><dc:mi>m</dc:mi></dc:mrow><dc:mrow><dc:mi>e</dc:mi><dc:mi>e</dc:mi></dc:mrow><dc:mrow><dc:mn>2</dc:mn></dc:mrow></dc:msubsup><dc:mo>=</dc:mo><dc:mo stretchy="false">|</dc:mo><dc:mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</dc:mi><dc:msup><dc:mrow><dc:mi>m</dc:mi></dc:mrow><dc:mrow><dc:mn>2</dc:mn></dc:mrow></dc:msup><dc:mo stretchy="false">|</dc:mo><dc:mo>+</dc:mo><dc:mfrac><dc:mrow><dc:mn>1</dc:mn></dc:mrow><dc:mrow><dc:mn>2</dc:mn></dc:mrow></dc:mfrac><dc:mi>α</dc:mi><dc:mo stretchy="false">(</dc:mo><dc:msup><dc:mrow><dc:mi>cos</dc:mi></dc:mrow><dc:mrow><dc:mn>2</dc:mn></dc:mrow></dc:msup><dc:msub><dc:mrow><dc:mi>θ</dc:mi></dc:mrow><dc:mrow><dc:mn>12</dc:mn></dc:mrow></dc:msub><dc:mo>−</dc:mo><dc:msup><dc:mrow><dc:mi>sin</dc:mi></dc:mrow><dc:mrow><dc:mn>2</dc:mn></dc:mrow></dc:msup><dc:msub><dc:mrow><dc:mi>θ</dc:mi></dc:mrow><dc:mrow><dc:mn>12</dc:mn></dc:mrow></dc:msub><dc:mo stretchy="false">)</dc:mo><dc:mi>δ</dc:mi><dc:msup><dc:mrow><dc:mi>m</dc:mi></dc:mrow><dc:mrow><dc:mn>2</dc:mn></dc:mrow></dc:msup></dc:mrow></dc:math>, to be jointly measured by the JUNO experiment with subpercent precision. We also discuss upper bounds on nonoscillation observables, including the effective <lc:math xmlns:lc="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><lc:msub><lc:mi>ν</lc:mi><lc:mi>e</lc:mi></lc:msub></lc:math> mass <nc:math xmlns:nc="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><nc:msub><nc:mi>m</nc:mi><nc:mi>β</nc:mi></nc:msub></nc:math> in <pc:math xmlns:pc="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><pc:mi>β</pc:mi></pc:math> decay, the effective Majorana mass <rc:math xmlns:rc="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><rc:msub><rc:mi>m</rc:mi><rc:mrow><rc:mi>β</rc:mi><rc:mi>β</rc:mi></rc:mrow></rc:msub></rc:math> in <tc:math xmlns:tc="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><tc:mn>0</tc:mn><tc:mi>ν</tc:mi><tc:mi>β</tc:mi><tc:mi>β</tc:mi></tc:math> decay, and the sum of neutrino masses <vc:math xmlns:vc="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><vc:mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</vc:mi></vc:math> in cosmology. We adopt <yc:math xmlns:yc="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><yc:msub><yc:mi>m</yc:mi><yc:mi>β</yc:mi></yc:msub><yc:mo><</yc:mo><yc:mn>0.50</yc:mn><yc:mtext> </yc:mtext><yc:mtext> </yc:mtext><yc:mi>eV</yc:mi></yc:math> <ad:math xmlns:ad="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><ad:mo stretchy="false">(</ad:mo><ad:mn>2</ad:mn><ad:mi>σ</ad:mi><ad:mo stretchy="false">)</ad:mo></ad:math> from current <ed:math xmlns:ed="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><ed:mrow><ed:mmultiscripts><ed:mrow><ed:mi mathvariant="normal">H</ed:mi></ed:mrow><ed:mprescripts/><ed:none/><ed:mrow><ed:mn>3</ed:mn></ed:mrow></ed:mmultiscripts></ed:mrow></ed:math> data and report <hd:math xmlns:hd="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><hd:msub><hd:mi>m</hd:mi><hd:mrow><hd:mi>β</hd:mi><hd:mi>β</hd:mi></hd:mrow></hd:msub><hd:mo><</hd:mo><hd:mn>0.086</hd:mn><hd:mtext> </hd:mtext><hd:mtext> </hd:mtext><hd:mi>eV</hd:mi></hd:math> (<jd:math xmlns:jd="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><jd:mn>2</jd:mn><jd:mi>σ</jd:mi></jd:math>) from a combined <ld:math xmlns:ld="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><ld:mrow><ld:mmultiscripts><ld:mrow><ld:mi>Ge</ld:mi></ld:mrow><ld:mprescripts/><ld:none/><ld:mrow><ld:mn>76</ld:mn></ld:mrow></ld:mmultiscripts></ld:mrow></ld:math>, <nd:math xmlns:nd="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><nd:mrow><nd:mmultiscripts><nd:mrow><nd:mi>Te</nd:mi></nd:mrow><nd:mprescripts/><nd:none/><nd:mrow><nd:mn>130</nd:mn></nd:mrow></nd:mmultiscripts></nd:mrow></nd:math>, and <pd:math xmlns:pd="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><pd:mrow><pd:mmultiscripts><pd:mrow><pd:mi>Xe</pd:mi></pd:mrow><pd:mprescripts/><pd:none/><pd:mrow><pd:mn>136</pd:mn></pd:mrow></pd:mmultiscripts></pd:mrow></pd:math> data analysis, accounting for parametrized nuclear matrix element covariances. Concerning <rd:math xmlns:rd="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><rd:mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</rd:mi></rd:math>, current results show tensions within the standard <ud:math xmlns:ud="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><ud:mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</ud:mi></ud:math> cold dark matter (<xd:math xmlns:xd="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><xd:mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</xd:mi><xd:mi>CDM</xd:mi></xd:math>) cosmological model, pulling <
Authors
- A. Marrone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6096-1880)
- A. Melchiorri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5326-6003)
- Francesco Capozzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6135-1531)
- A. Palazzo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1988-426X)
- William Giarè (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4012-9285)
- E. Lisi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4122-2796)
Institutions
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (IT)
- University of L'Aquila (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I (IT)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Physical review. D/Physical review. D.
- Published
- 2025-05-19
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.093006
- Citations
- 29
- Primary Topic
- Neutrino Physics Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 54.24
Funders
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova
- European Commission
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
- Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca
- Science and Technology Facilities Council