High‐Efficiency Removal of Cationic and Anionic Dyes From Wastewater Using β–Cyclodextrin‐Phytic Acid–Acrylamide Hydrogel

ABSTRACT In this research, we developed and analyzed PAG‐β‐CDM‐AM, an innovative adsorbent created from phytic acid, β‐cyclodextrin, and acrylamide. This material is specifically designed to effectively eliminate both cationic and anionic dyes from wastewater. Various characterization techniques, including Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analysis (EA), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirmed the successful synthesis of PAG‐β‐CDM‐AM, which possesses a porous structure conducive to adsorption. The adsorbent demonstrated impressive adsorption capacities, reaching 2791.4 mg g −1 for basic green 4 (MG) and 823.68 mg g −1 for methyl orange (MO). Additionally, it achieved equilibrium within 20 min for cationic dyes and 15 min for anionic dyes, highlighting its swift adsorption performance. Kinetic analyses revealed pseudo‐second‐order dominance, revealing synergistic mechanisms of electrostatic attraction, β‐cyclodextrin encapsulation, and hydrogen bonding. Thermodynamic evaluations confirmed that the adsorption was exothermic. Thermodynamic studies indicated exothermic spontaneity. Remarkably, it retained > 90% efficiency over 5 cycles and showed 4.8× higher MG capacity than commercial activated carbon at comparable production costs. These results highlight the potential of PAG‐β‐CDM‐AM as an effective and sustainable solution for dye wastewater treatment.