Numerical study of hydromagnetic trio hybrid nanofluid (Cu–CNT–Ti/H₂O) flow with suction and double stratification over a stretching surface

This paper aims to offer a novel examination of the hydromagnetic trio-hybrid nanofluid flow, consisting of water (H 2 O) and nanoparticles of Cu, CNT and Ti, moving across a stretched surface. This paper explores the effects of suction and dual stratification — both thermal and solutal — on the fluid dynamics, incorporating the influences of viscous dissipation, chemical reactions and heat sources. Partial differential equations establish the mathematical foundation for analyzing fluid flow along with mass and heat transfer. Similarity transformations subsequently convert these equations as a system of ordinary differential equations. Following this, we leverage the bvp4c package in MATLAB to calculate numerical solutions for these equations. We investigated and visually represented the effects of various scaled governing parameters on the thermal, concentration and momentum profiles. Following our assessment, we present a tabulated format for the Nusselt number, rate of momentum transfer and rate of mass transfer. The suction parameter enhances the rate of heat transfer. The temperature of the ternary hybrid nanofluid is higher than that of the conventional hybrid nanofluid. The rate of mass transfer of the trio hybrid nanofluid displays a significant enhancement of up to [Formula: see text] when compared to the conventional nanofluid. In addition, by comparing the results to those of other published algorithms, we can see that the bvp4c algorithm consistently produces accurate numerical results.