Exploring gut microbiota's influence on cognitive health and neurodegenerative disorders: mechanistic insights and therapeutic approaches

The interplay of gut and the brain has become a major point of discussion, in recent years, exploring the complex "gut-brain axis." The trillions of microorganisms present in the gut not only plays a role in digestion but also in the phenomena of mood, behaviour, and various other physiological functions. There are numerous pathways by which these gut microbes communicate with the brain, involving neurotransmitter releases, immune system modulation, and the creation of bioactive metabolites. Findings from latest experiments and studies have found a major impact of gut microbiome-brain interactions. These revelations include the effects of microbial imbalances on mental health, the role of microbiome-derived metabolites in neurodegenerative conditions, and the promising therapeutic prospects of optimizing the gut microbiome to enhance brain function and overall well-being. Despite growing interest, the relationship between neurodegenerative diseases and gut microbiota remains unclear. The present review highlights the evolving understanding of the gut microbiome's role in neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative conditions. It also depicts the role of early life nutrition in the development of gut microbiota and gives GBA a new perspective by considering the interplay between music therapy, mindfulness practices, creative processes, sleep and the gut microbiota.