Household-income trajectories and mental health inequalities in Germany before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a quasi-experimental panel study

These findings revealed that regular and fluctuating household income trajectories (S2-S5) are particularly vulnerable to mental health impacts during crises. Females are disproportionately affected, highlighting the need for targeted public health interventions. Strengthening institutional supports, such as childcare, and addressing gender disparities can help build resilience and advance progress toward the SDGs.