THE MAIN EDUCATIONAL PARADIGMS IN THE US AND THE UNITED KINGDOM IN THE LATE XX ‒ EARLY XXI CENTURY AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOL

Reforming the education system in Ukraine involves studying foreign experience in order to find opportunities to use the most progressive ideas in the domestic educational space. In our opinion, it is advisable to study the experience of education reform in the US and the UK, where the development of education is at a high level. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main educational paradigms in the USA and the UK in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries and the peculiarities of their implementation in primary education. Research methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison, specification, generalization. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, the main paradigms in school education in the USA and the UK were pragmatic, technocratic, liberal democratic, cognitive, and humanistic. The development of the pragmatic paradigm is associated with the work of J.Dewey. The principle of “learning by doing”, substantiated by J.Dewey, implies the formation of the process of learning new knowledge on an active basis, through the purposeful activity of students. The pragmatic paradigm is an aggregate system of knowledge that provides solutions to the problems of the socialization of a learner, the formation of skills and practical abilities through the activities implemented in the process of cognition. The technocratic paradigm involves the standardization of the system of scientific knowledge and formalization of the educational process. Thus, the technocratic direction orients education and upbringing by the ideological demands of the modern state. The liberal-democratic paradigm is defined as an aggregate system of knowledge and experience aimed at developing free thinking and value orientations of students, including creativity, independence of choice, responsibility for activities, norms and ideals of tolerance and individuality. The cognitive paradigm is a comprehensive interdisciplinary system of scientific knowledge based on the psychology of cognitive processes, anthropology, and sociology, and the primary goal of the school is to form a student’s personality, taking into account the development of his or her intellectual abilities, including basic skills of independent and creative thinking. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the focus is on the humanistic paradigm, which is based on the recognition of the value of each person, the recognition of his or her right to freedom, respect, and the development of their abilities. The above-mentioned paradigms are realized in the content of education in the USA and the UK.