Further discussion on Oneness of Being- a comparative study of the Oneness of Being and the Oneness of witnessing

The theory of existence is one of the core issues that must be discussed in religious philosophy, and Islamic philosophy is no exception. If the earlier Islamic philosophers, represented by the Ikhwan al-Safa, were often influenced by Greek philosophy and sought to address this issue through reason, later Sufis, represented by Ibn Arabi, placed more emphasis on the intuitive role of revelation, believing that only revelation could lead to a direct mystical understanding of the First Existence. Among these ideas, the most representative are Ibn Arabis Oneness of Being and Shihab al-Din al-Suhrawardis Oneness of witnessing. As core theories of Sufi philosophy, the introduction and comparison of these two forms of monism have remained enduring subjects of discussion, though most discussions tend to lack depth. Therefore, the author intends to conduct a more in-depth comparative study of these two monisms, using the relationship between tazahhud (transcendence) and tashbih (immanence) as the main thread. This study aims to restore the original form of the Oneness of Being, and further demonstrate that the differences between the two are not a vast divide. On the contrary, it could be argued that Suhrawardis Oneness of witnessing (in an epistemological sense) is a clarification and return to the Oneness of Being.