The fast-evolving FIKK kinase family of Plasmodium falciparum can be inhibited by a single compound
Of 250 Plasmodium species, 6 infect humans, with P. falciparum causing over 95% of 600,000 annual malaria-related deaths. Its pathology arises from host cell remodelling driven by over 400 exported parasite proteins, including the FIKK kinase family. About one million years ago, a bird-infecting Plasmodium species crossed into great apes and a single non-exported FIKK kinase gained an export element. This led to a rapid expansion into 15-21 atypical, exported Ser/Thr effector kinases. Here, using genomic and proteomic analyses, we demonstrate FIKK differentiation via changes in subcellular localization, expression timing and substrate motifs, which supports an individual important role in host-pathogen interactions. Structural data and AlphaFold2 predictions reveal fast-evolving loops in the kinase domain that probably enabled rapid functional diversification for substrate preferences. One FIKK evolved exclusive tyrosine phosphorylation, previously thought absent in Plasmodium. Despite divergence of substrate preferences, the atypical ATP binding pocket is conserved and we identified a single compound that inhibits all FIKKs. A pan-specific inhibitor could reduce resistance development and improve malaria control strategies.
Authors
- Evangelos Christodoulou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8464-1558)
- R.W. Ogrodowicz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3176-7744)
- Hugo Belda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8628-9455)
- Christian R. Landry (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3028-6866)
- David House (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9635-2451)
- David Bradley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-1789)
- Antoine Claessens (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4277-0914)
- Dhira Joshi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8660-2528)
- Nicola O’Reilly (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4204-6491)
- Andrew G. Purkiss (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5931-3509)
- Andrew J. Powell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1540-537X)
- Louise J. Walport (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3795-8365)
- Heledd Davies (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3475-0080)
- Stephanie D. Nofal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-3369)
- M. Teresa Bertran (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8336-0903)
- Malgorzata Broncel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2991-3500)
- David Jones (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4789-203X)
- Svend Kjær (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9767-8683)
- Moritz Treeck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7883-6743)
Institutions
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Inserm (FR)
- Université de Montpellier (FR)
- Age UK (GB)
- The Francis Crick Institute (GB)
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (FR)
- PROTEO (CA)
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (FR)
- Université Laval (CA)
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (PT)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nature Microbiology
- Published
- 2025-05-19
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-025-02017-4
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Malaria Research and Control
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 3.76