Advances in the Treatment of Refractory Moderate-to-Severe Ulcerative Colitis

Currently, the number of cases of refractory moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis is increasing. Clinical investigations and research indicate that these cases account for over 70% of all ulcerative colitis, making them challenging to treat and manage. By integrating clinical practice experiences from both domestic and international sources, and through the continuous updating of research materials, this article provides a comprehensive overview of the treatment options for intractable moderate and severe ulcerative colitis, as well as a discussion of common clinical medications used in their management.