OCULAR SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ASSOCIATED WITH COVID- 19 INFECTION

COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and rapidly escalated into a global pandemic. The virus, a positive-sense single-stranded RNA betacoronavirus, enters human cells via the ACE2 receptor, primarily affecting the respiratory system. Its high transmissibility and ability to mutate have led to concerning variants (e.g., Alpha, Beta, Delta, Omicron), complicating containment efforts.Severe cases often involve a dysregulated immune response ("cytokine storm"), leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure. Risk factors include advanced age, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and immunosuppression. Epidemiological data reveal higher mortality rates among men and racial/ethnic minorities, likely due to socioeconomic and biological disparities. Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets, aerosols, and fomites, with ocular surfaces potentially serving as an entry point. While systemic symptoms dominate, emerging evidence suggests ocular manifestations (e.g., conjunctivitis, retinal changes) may occur. Understanding SARS-CoV-2’s pathogenesis remains critical for treatment and prevention strategies amid evolving variants.Aim:The aim of this study is to retrospectively study the ocular manifestations in a group of hospitalized patients suffering from COVID-19 infection.