A Comparative Study between the Effect of Vitamin D, Rosemary and Their Combination on Diabetic Nephropathy in Adult Male Albino Rat: Morphological and Immunohistochemical Study

Background: Diabetic nephropathy is the most frequent reason for end-stage renal disease. Aim of the work: This research aimed to compare the impact of Vitamin D, rosemary, and their combination on diabetic nephropathy in adult male albino rats morphologically as well as immunohistochemistry. Materials and methods: Fifty adult male albino rats, 180-200 g were used and divided into 5 groups (10 rats/group). Group 1 (plain control), the other 4 groups have been injected with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) by single intraperitoneal injection to induce diabetes then distributed into four groups. Group 2 (the diabetic untreated group), Group 3 (Vitamin D treated group), Group 4 (rosemary treated group) and Group 5 (Vitamin D and rosemary treated group). At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed and both kidneys were removed for light microscopic examination using haematoxylin and eosin stain, Masson's trichrome stain and immunohistochemistry using caspase 3. Results: Diabetic rats had atrophied, congested kidneys, degenerated tubules, and severe blood vessel congestion. While Vitamin-D-treated rats and Rosemary-treated rats had normal renal tubules and corpuscles with minimal degenerative changes. On the other hand, Vitamin D and rosemary-treated rats had normal renal tubules and blood vessels. Insignificant variance was discovered in CRP (C reactive protein) concentrations, TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor Beta 1) levels, total antioxidant capacity, or urea concentrations between groups group 4 and group 5, with the plain control group having the lowest. Conclusion: Diabetic nephropathy is a severe microvascular complication of diabetes, a leading cause of end stage renal disease. Early diagnosis and management advance quality of life for cases, while vitamin D and rosemary protect organs.