Integrated applications of microfluidics, organoids, and 3D bioprinting in in vitro 3D biomimetic models

Background: Biomedical research has long faced challenges in accurately simulating human organ microenvironments and overcoming biological differences, hindering in-depth understanding of physiopathological mechanisms and cutting-edge development of therapeutic approaches. However, novel technologies such as organoids, microfluidics, and 3D bioprinting offer promising solutions, facilitating biomedical advances and innovation. Yet, none of the three technologies alone can be a highly relevant preclinical model, making combined approaches necessary. Aim of Review: The aim of this paper is to offer a comprehensive overview of the diverse combinations of microfluidics, organoids, and 3D bioprinting for better biomedical preclinical models. Key Scientific Concepts of Review: In this review, after briefly describing the three technologies, we highlight the advantages of combining the two and explore the prospects for drug research, disease modelling, and other applications. In addition, we discuss the combination of the three technologies and the first extension of the 4D culture approach with the addition of the time dimension and anticipate the emergence of more integrated models to propel biomedical research and revolutionize healthcare.