Sustainability and Safety Challenges of Battery Electric Vehicles: Environmental Impacts and Safety

The rapid development of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) has reshaped the global automotive industry, offering significant contributions to emission reduction and the transition toward renewable energy. However, the widespread adoption of BEVs presents notable challenges, including environmental impacts from battery production, resource scarcity, recycling difficulties, and safety concerns. This paper examines these key issues, focusing on the excessive energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions caused by lithium battery manufacturing, the environmental risks associated with improper recycling methods, and the safety hazards posed by battery degradation and thermal runaway events. Furthermore, the study explores emerging solutions such as green hydrometallurgy, robotic disassembly, and the potential of sodium-ion batteries as a safer and more sustainable alternative. Looking ahead, technological innovation, intelligent battery management systems, and strong policy support are essential for overcoming these challenges and shaping the future of sustainable transportation.