Implementation of Biotechnical Measures for the Control and Prevention of Aflatoxin Contamination in Maize Production

Abstract Maize represents one of the most important cereal crops for meeting both human and animal nutritional requirements. However, its production is increasingly threatened by aflatoxins, primarily those produced by Aspergillus flavus, which can cause aflatoxicosis in both humans and animals. High relative humidity (80–90%) and temperatures (25–30 °C) promote the growth of Aspergillus species and the subsequent production of aflatoxins. Under such environmental conditions, the implementation of appropriate biotechnical measures is essential to ensure the production of health-safe maize. This study aims to examine the harmful effects of aflatoxins and the efficacy of various biotechnological strategies for the prevention and reduction of aflatoxin contamination during maize cultivation. As demonstrated herein, the application of diverse biotechnical practices—including the prevention of drought stress, the use of windbreaks, optimal plant density, timely sowing, and the control of insect and weed infestations—can significantly reduce aflatoxin levels, often to the values compliant with the official safety regulations. In particular, biological control using indigenous non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains has been shown to reduce aflatoxin contamination in maize fields by 45–100%. Comparable reductions have also been achieved through proper irrigation management, intercropping maize with legumes, and the use of windbreaks to optimize microclimatic conditions. In addition to implementing these measures, raising farmers’ awareness of their importance and routinely analyzing maize samples for aflatoxin content are crucial steps toward ensuring the production of safe and high-quality maize.