A Review: Haemonchus contortus Infection in Sheep: Anemia, Epidemiology, and Advances in Diagnosis

Haemonchosis, global problem of sheep, is a major cause of death. The highly pathogenic parasite Haemonchus contortus lives in the abomasum of afflicted animals and causes disease by sucking blood, which has a negative impact on the animals' productivity and general health. It causes severe diseases and significantly reduces farmers' income. Thrives in warm, humid conditions, despite being historically more widespread in high-risk areas. Climate change and warming of newly discovered regions allow it to thrive. The infection is not evenly distributed throughout the world; it is more common in warm temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions with summer rainfall than in cool, cold, and arid regions. Diagnosis relies on clinical signs, followed by identifying genera and species to identify causative agents. This review explores anemia, The severity of the infection and the sheep's immunological response determine the possible outcomes, although in certain cases, an infection can be fatal. This paper aims to provide a concise overview of the information that has been and is currently available in the aforementioned areas in one location. An in-depth study was conducted to gather information on sheep haemonchosis and recommend sustainable control methods. The review used online databases and Semantic scholar to identify gaps and propose future research. Therefore, Different diagnostic techniques including morphological identification and microscopic examination, immunological and molecular methods also evaluated. In order to help readers completely comprehend the issue from a wider perspective.