The relationship between training regularity and blood morphological parameters in triathletes

Research objective: The aim of the article is to present the relationship between regular physical activity and metabolic and cardiovascular health, with particular focus on the effects of extreme endurance efforts. The authors analyze both the positive and potentially negative consequences of intense training among endurance athletes. Methodology: The article is based on a review of scientific literature and analysis of available clinical data concerning the impact of physical exertion on the human body. Graphical models illustrating the mechanisms of cardio-renal interactions and hematological effects of exercise are also included. Main conclusions: Regular physical activity provides numerous health benefits, including improved metabolism, heart function, and reduced inflammation. However, repeated extreme efforts may lead to temporary or even permanent damage to the heart and kidneys. Application of the study: The analysis can help physicians and trainers better adjust training intensity to an athlete’s physiological capacity. It may also serve as a foundation for developing guidelines supporting safe participation in endurance competitions. Originality/Novelty of the study: The text draws attention to the underexplored issue of long-term consequences of extreme training, highlighting the need for further research in this area. The inclusion of potential heart–kidney interactions in the context of physical overload is particularly innovative.