Stability study of complex caves: a case study of Yuanjue Cave in the Dazu Rock Carvings

A refined 3D numerical model was constructed to reflect the intricate topography, geological structures, and support conditions of the Yuanjue Cave in the Dazu Rock Carvings. The study identifies the main factors influencing the stability of the roof, the deformation and failure modes and key areas, and the current stage of the cave’s stability was determined. The results show that the development of cavity depth acts as the trigger for roof deformation and failure, while the breakage of strip stones is the primary controlling factor. The overall deformation and failure mode of the roof is a combination of bending and torsion, with the key failure area located at the left front of the cave entrance. The current state of deformation in the cave’s roof indicates it is in the mid-term accelerated change stage. These findings offer a reference for the stability analysis of other similarly complex caves.