HISTORECO: Historical Spanish transition database on climate, geography and economics of the 20th-21st century

One of the major difficulties in the social sciences is obtaining comparable data from different sources. Especially, for small-scale data, such as municipalities within a country, and even more when the variables belong to different fields of knowledge. To avoid these problems, we present a database containing 45 geographic, climatic, hydrological and demo-economic variables (64 columns) that covers the 20^th and 21^st centuries for all municipalities in Spain. To achieve this, we merged seventeen databases/sources, using several methods, software and programming languages (QGIS, R, Python) to homogenize and downscale the variables for Spanish municipalities. Technical validation results are included with aggregation and alternative sources checks. This database is a valuable resource for researchers from different fields of research, as there is no other resource with this temporal breadth and spatial disaggregation in the current literature. The dataset can contribute to comprehensive analyses with temporal and spatial comparisons around several current debates in the literature and policy (local effects of global and climate change, adaptation, demography, land use change, etc.).