Multiscale Heterogeneous and Asynchronous Electrochemical Reactions in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Battery operation involves sophisticated spatiotemporal evolutions that critically govern their behaviors and degradation. Understanding and manipulating structural heterogeneity and chemical dynamics are key to improving battery performance, lifespan, and safety. This review examines spatial heterogeneity across multiple scales and explores the temporal asynchronicity characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of multimodal, high-throughput, and in-situ/operando characterization techniques, paired with advanced data mining methods, in advancing knowledge of battery evolution. We intend for this review to provide a systematic perspective on the spatiotemporal evolution of batteries and to inspire further research into its implications for next-generation battery research and development.