Dual gel Electromembrane extraction coupled with UV–vis spectrophotometry for the simultaneous Preconcentration and determination of Chromophorically similar dyes in complex matrices

Dual gel electromembrane extraction (G-EME) methodology coupled with UV–Vis spectrophotometry is presented for the concurrent determination of Brilliant blue (BB) and Malachite green (MG) in complex matrices. The G-EME process, underpinned by electromigration and electroendosmosis, enables selective extraction of BB and MG into distinct acceptor phases based on their ionic characteristics. Rigorous optimization of operational parameters, including gel composition, dimensions, and extraction conditions, culminated in a robust analytical method. Under optimal conditions, the method demonstrated a linear response over the range of 0.01–2.00 μg/mL with commendable limits of detection (0.0031 and 0.0029 μg/mL for BB and MG, respectively). Environmental compliance was confirmed via the Analytical GREEnness Metric (AGREE score: 0.83/1.00), while operational practicality was validated through the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI: 72.5 %), reflecting strong alignment with green chemistry principles and operational practicality. Successful application to real samples underscores the potential of G-EME as a promising analytical tool for the simultaneous determination of these structurally similar dyes.