Values, application scenarios and challenges of blockchain technology: A perspective from construction 4.0

The construction industry is currently undergoing a substantial digital transformation, entering the era of Construction 4.0. Blockchain technology, recognized as a key enabler of Construction 4.0, offers immutable and traceable data storage through a decentralized architecture. Despite growing interest in blockchain's application within the construction sector, the specific mechanisms through which blockchain drives Construction 4.0 remain largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate the role of blockchain technology in the context of Construction 4.0. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining literature review, conceptual analysis and case studies to provide a comprehensive understanding. It is argued that blockchain's values in Construction 4.0 include establishing secure and valuable connections, fostering trustworthy production relationships, advancing social system automation, and confirming digital asset ownership. Furthermore, this study delineates and explains key application scenarios of blockchain in Construction 4.0, such as information collaboration, quality traceability in industrial production, timely payment of construction contracts, and government regulation. Additionally, the challenges associated with blockchain adoption in the context of Construction 4.0 are analyzed. This study contributes to the understanding of blockchain's value and application logic from the perspective of Construction 4.0, thereby promoting the adoption of blockchain technology and Construction 4.0 practices in the construction industry.