Epidemiological and microbiological study of urinary tract infections in children in Babylon Governorate

The study revealed that urinary tract infections (UTIs) were more prevalent among female children (55%) compared to males (45%), which aligns with global trends due to anatomical factors such as a shorter urethra and its proximity to the anus. The distribution of cases across different groups showed the highest incidence in the third and second categories, indicating potential demographic or environmental influences that warrant further investigation. Monthly analysis demonstrated a distinct seasonal pattern, with a peak in January, suggesting a correlation between colder weather and increased infection rates. This may be attributed to environmental factors, weakened immunity, and higher indoor crowding during winter months. These findings are supported by both local and international studies. Geographically, the incidence was significantly higher in rural areas (61.54%) compared to urban areas (38.46%), likely due to limited healthcare access, lower health awareness, and poor sanitation. This rural-urban disparity reflects well-documented challenges in healthcare equity. Regarding causative agents, Escherichia coli was the most dominant uropathogen (70–90%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis (5–10%). Less common pathogens included Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Overall, the findings highlight the need for targeted preventive measures, especially among high-risk groups such as females in rural areas and during winter months. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure, early diagnosis, and public health education are essential to reducing the burden of pediatric UTIs.