Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Applications of Piper longum

Piper longum, commonly known as long pepper, holds significant importance in traditional medicine systems across Asia. The plant contains various bioactive compounds including piperine, pipermundine, sylvatine, and piperlongumine, which is responsible for its pharmacological activities. Recent studies reveal its potent anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of cytokine production, prostaglandin synthesis inhibition, and NF-κB signaling pathway regulation. It also exhibits antioxidant properties by free radical scavenging and improvement of endogenous enzymatic defenses, contributing to neuroprotection and cardiovascular health. Its antimicrobial attributes demonstrate efficacy against various bacterial and fungal pathogens, while hepatoprotective and antidiabetic effects occur through regulation of hepatic detoxification pathways, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism. Moreover, piperlongumine exhibits selective anticancer properties by inducing oxidative stress specifically in cancer cells while sparing healthy cells. The plant also functions as a bioenhancer, improving therapeutic efficacy and drug absorption. Modern analytical techniques have identified over 275 lignans, including novel compounds with unique structural scaffolds. The plant's constituents show promise in treating various conditions including arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological disorders. The aim of this review is to present the current literature available on the uses and therapeutic applications of Piper longum.