Progress on <i>In Situ</i> Remediation of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil

土壤重金属污染对生态系统、经济发展及人类健康构成多重威胁。我国土壤污染源呈工业–农业复合特征，污染通过改变其pH值、有机质含量及阳离子交换量，形成“短期抑制–长期累积”复合效应，导致粮食减产、生物多样性锐减，经济损失严重。本文系统梳理了生物、物理、化学及联合修复技术进展：生物修复利用植物超富集、微生物代谢及土壤动物扰动实现重金属移除；化学修复中纳米羟基磷灰石使铅浸出浓度降至0.05 mg/L；植物–微生物联合修复周期缩短至12个月，效率提升40%。当前技术面临高成本、二次污染及生态兼容性挑战，需开发环境响应材料、AI决策系统及模块化装备，推动技术智能化发展，为构建高效低耗的污染治理体系提供理论参考。Soil heavy metal pollution is a global environmental issue posing multiple threats to ecosystems, economic development, and human health. In China, soil pollution sources exhibit an industrial-agricultural composite characteristic. Heavy metals alter soil pH, organic matter content, and cation exchange capacity, forming a compound effect of “short-term inhibition-long-term accumulation,” which leads to reduced crop yields, biodiversity loss, and significant economic losses. This paper systematically reviews the progress of bioremediation, physical remediation, chemical remediation, and combined remediation technologies. Bioremediation achieves heavy metal removal through plant hyperaccumulation, microbial metabolism, and soil fauna disturbance. In chemical remediation, nano-hydroxyapatite reduces lead leaching concentration to 0.05 mg/L. Plant-microbial combined remediation shortens the cycle to 12 months with a 40% efficiency improvement. Current challenges include high costs, secondary pollution risks, and ecological incompatibility. Future research should focus on developing environmentally responsive materials, AI decision-making systems, and modular equipment to promote intelligent technology development, providing theoretical references for constructing efficient and low-cost pollution governance systems.