Energy Resilience during Armed Conflict: Reconsidering Hydrogen for European Union Energy Security

The Russian-Ukrainian war has raised concerns about the security of energy supply, prompting Europe to make changes in its energy mix. With the launch of REPowerEU, the EU aims to transition as quickly as possible from dependence on Russian fossil fuels to increased energy autonomy and clean energy production. Accelerating renewable hydrogen production by 2030 is part of this plan. The present study uses clustering algorithms to assess the action capacity of the European Union countries regarding hydrogen perspective, by considering hydrogen production and infrastructure projects. The war has accelerated the transition to clean energy sources and energy independence, which is reflected in the reduction of CO2 emissions and the increased interest of member state governments and private entities in issuing green bonds. Investments in green hydrogen can boost economic growth and resilience but require the creation of a functioning market and a flexible regulatory framework.